Adenosine (Adenine riboside) is a ubiquitous, BBB-permeable endogenous autacoid. It acts via four G protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3), influencing neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
- Acts through G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3.
- Exhibits cytoprotective function.
- Functions as an extracellular signaling molecule derived from ATP and AMP.
- At high concentrations, it shows cytotoxic effects, inhibits cell viability, and triggers ER stress.
- Induces apoptosis in various cancer cells.
- Induces autophagy and activates the AMPK/mTOR pathway to reduce ER stress and apoptotic cell death.
- Cited in clinical trials for myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and various cancers.